Description

Macrophagedepletionkitsarecomposedoftwovials;onevialofClodrosome®(Clodronateliposomes)andonevialofEncapsome®(controlliposomescontainingnodrug).Thevolumeofthemacrophagedepletionkitrepresentsthevolumeofeachreagentindividually.Forexample,5mlofmacrophagedepletionkitmeans5mlofClodrosome®and5mlofEncapsome®.Eachreagentinthekitcanalsobepurchasedindividually.

Clodrosome®isamultilamellarliposomesUSPensioninwhichclodronateisencapsulatedintheaqueouscompartmentsoftheliposomes.Encapsome®isformulatedandpreparedidenticallytoClodrosome®exceptthatclodronateisnotaddedtotheliposomes.Theliposomesarefilteredthrough2μmpolycarbonatemembranestoensurethatlargerparticles,whichmaybetoxictoanimals,areremovedfromthesuspension.Botharepreparedandpackagedundersterileconditions.WhenanimalsorcellsaretreatedwithClodrosome®,phagocyticcellsrecognizetheliposomesasinvADIngforeignparticlesandproceedtoremovetheliposomesfromthelocaltissueorserumviaphagocytosis.Theliposomesthenreleaseclodronateintothecytosolresultingincelldeath.Non-encapsulatedclodronatecannotcrossthecellmembranetoinitiatecelldeath.

Controlliposomes(Encapsome®)arerecognizedandphagocytosedbythesamemechanismasClodrosome®.Sincethecontrolliposomesdonotcontainclodronate,thephagocyticcellsarenotkilled.However,phagocytesdorespondtotheingestionofcontrolliposomesbycytokinesecretion,temporarysuspensionofphagocyticactivityandotherresponsesdescribedintheliterature.

m-Clodrosome®andm-Encapsome®aremannosylatedreagentsthatarespecificallyformulatedtoefficientlytargetthemacrophagesincentralnervoussystemsandmacrophagesthatcontainmoremannosereceptors.Formoreinformationaboutthesereagentseehere.

Fluorescentliposomes(Fluoroliposome®)suitableformacrophagetargetingandtrackingareavailable.Theycancontainfivedifferentfluorescentdyes(DiA,DiD,DiI,DiOandDiR),whichcoverstheentirespectrum.Fluorescentliposomescomeinstandardandmannosylatedform.Formoreinformationseehere.

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TechnicalInformation

Clodrosome®LiposomalClodronateSuspension

Fluoroliposome®-DiI

LipidComposition	Concentration(mg/ml)	Concentration(mM)	MolarRatioPercentage
Total	23mg/ml	35.1mM	100
L-alpha-Phosphatidylcholine	18.8	24.3	70
Cholesterol	4.2	10.9	30

FluorescentDye	Excitation/Emission(nm)	Concentration(mg/ml)	Concentration(mM)
1,1"-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3",3"-TetramethylindocarbocyaninePerchlorate(DiI)	549/565	0.0625	0.065

BufferandLiposomeSize	Specification
Buffer	PhosphateBufferedSaline
pH	7.4
LiposomeSize	1.5-2µm

TechnicalNotes

• TheissuewithfluorescentClodrosome®hastodowiththepotentialforinaccurateand/oruninterpretabledatabeinggeneratedbylabelledClodrosome®.WhenClodrosome®inducesmacrophageapoptosis,thefluorescentlipidincorporatedintotheClodrosome®thatisdisruptedandmetabolizedinthephagolysosomewillbedispersedamongtheresidualapoptoticbodieswhicharesubsequentlyphagocytosedbyothermacrophages.Therefore,fluorescentlipidmaybedetectedinphagocyticcellswhichneverphagocytosedClodrosome®especiallywhenFACSorfluoroscopyareutilizedtodetectfluorescentcells(FACS)orfluorescencelevelsinatissuehomogenate(fluoroscopy).Anotherpotentialartifactarisesfromfluorescentlipidremainingintheextracellular“garbage”,whichhasnotyetbeenclearedbyotherphagocytes,generatingahighbackgroundfluorescence.However,experiencedconfocalmicroscopistmaybeabletodifferentiatebetweenthepunctatefluorescenceresultingfromfluorescentintactliposomesversusthemorediffusefluorescencecharacteristicofdisruptedliposomesandsomehavesuccessfullyusedfluorescentclodronateliposomestovisualizethecellularlocationoftheseliposomesbyconfocalmicroscopyinvivo[1].Afurthercomplicatingfactoristhatpublisheddatavarieswidelyastoexactlywhenclodronateliposomesbegintoinduceapoptosisinmacrophages.Mönkönnnen etal.showthatmacrophagedeathismeasurablewithinthefirsthourafterclodronateliposometreatmentonRAW264cellsinvitro[2],whilemanyothershavereportednosignsofmacrophageapoptosisuntilseveralhoursaftertreatmentinvivo.ThevariABIlityinthedataislikelyduetodifferentliposomalformulationsofclodronateaswellasthevastlydifferentexperimentalconditions.Therefore,aswithmostBIOLOGicalstudies,especiallythoseinvolvingliposomes,theamountoftimebetweentreatingtheanimalorcellswithclodronateliposomesandtheonsetofapoptosiswillneedtobeestablishedineachexperimentalmodel.IfthenatureoftheresearchdemandsthatClodrosome®betrackedratherthanthecontrol,EncapsulacanprovideDiI-labelledClodrosome®uponrequest,andassumingthattheClodrosome®distributioncandefinitivelybeassessedpriortotheonsetofapoptosis,clearandvaliddataonthebiodistributionoffluorescentClodrosome®shouldbeobtainable.Still,formostpurposes,Fluoroliposome®(fluorescentcontrolliposomes)willprovidetherequireddatawithfarfewerpotentialartifacts.
• Whenmonitoringmonocyteuptakeinvivoinnormalanimals,thecirculatingmonocytesmay“disappear”orshowreducedcountswithinthefirst2hpost-injectionduetomarginationofthemonocytespost-liposomephagocytosis.Thesecellswillre-enterthecirculationwithinafewhours.Sunderkötter etal.demonstratethisphenomenonanddiscussthebehaviorindetail.Alsoconsiderthatcirculatingmonocyteshavealifetimeofabout24hsolabeledmonocyteswillbecontinuallyleavingthecirculation,eveninnormalanimals,duetoagingofthemonocytes[3].
• WhenanimalsorcellsaretreatedwithClodrosome®,phagocyticcellsrecognizetheliposomesasinvadingforeignparticlesandproceedtoremovetheliposomesfromthelocaltissueorserumviaphagocytosis.Theliposomesthenreleaseclodronateintothecytosolresultingincelldeath.Unencapsulatedclodronatecannotcrossthecellmembranetoinitiatecelldeath.
• Encapsome®controlliposomesarerecognizedandphagocytosedbythesamemechanismasClodrosome®.Sincethecontrolliposomesdonotcontainclodronate,thephagocyticcellsarenotkilled.However,phagocytesdorespondtotheingestionofthecontrolliposomesbycytokinesecretion,temporarysuspensionofphagocyticactivityandotherresponsesdescribedintheliterature.
• Theproductmustberemovedfromthevialusingsteriletechnique.Donotuseifsterilityiscompromised.Thisisparticularlyimportantifasinglevialisaccessedmultipletimesoverseveralweeks.Theproductshouldnotbeusedmorethan60daysafterreceipt,evenifunopened.
• Liposomesmaysettlewhenleftundisturbedformorethanafewhours.Immediatelypriortouse,inordertoensureahomogeneousliposomesuspension,slowlyinvertthevialseveraltimesuntilthesuspensionappearshomogeneousbyvisualinspection.Vigorousorerraticshakingwillnotdamagetheliposomesbutmayinducefoamingandbubbleformationmakingitmoredifficulttoaccuratelymeasurethedesireddosage.
• Ifthepersonnelperformingintravenousinjectionsarenotexperiencedinorfamiliarwith,precautionsforinjectinglargervolumes(~10%animalweightinml),viscousliquidsorparticulatesuspensions,considerhavingextraanimalsavailableincaseseriousinjection-relatedadverseeventsoccur.Dosecontrolanimalsfirsttobecomefamiliarwithlargevolumeinjections.
• WithinhoursaftersystemicadmiNISTrationofClodrosome®,animalsbegintoloseimportantcomponentsoftheirimmunesystem.Standardanimalhandlingandhousingprotocolsarenotsuitableforimmunocompromisedanimals.Evenwhensuchprecautionsaretaken,monitorthegeneralhealthofeachanimalforopportunisticinfectionsunrelatedtotheexperimentalprotocol.Thereisnoinherenttoxicitytotheproductattherecommendeddoselevels.
• Whendosingintravenously,usestandardprecautionsfordosinglargervolumestoanimalsincludingthefollowing:a)Warmproducttoroomtemperaturepriortodosing.b)Ensurethatallairbubblesareremovedfromthesyringepriortodosing;intravenousinjectionofairbubblesmayresultinairemboliwhichcankillorseriouslyinjureanimals.c)Injectproductataslow,steadyrateofnomorethan1ml/min;decreaseinfusionrateifanimalsdisplayanyatypicalreactionssuchasunusualagitation.
• Infusion-relatedadversereactionsusuallyinvolvetheanimalgaspingforairorotherseizure-likemovements.Animalsoftenrecoverwithnoapparentpermanentinjury,butanypotentialeffectsonexperimentalresultsmustbeassessedbytheresearcher.
• Liposomesshouldbekeptat4°CandNEVERbefrozen.

Dosage

Appearance

Clodrosome®isawhitemilkysuspension,andFluoroliposome®-DiIisapinkliquidsuspension,bothmadeoflargemicrosizemultilamellarliposomes.Duetotheirlargesize,someliposomesmightsettletothebottomofthevial.Ifleftsittingidleintherefrigerator,Fluoroliposome®-DiIwillphaseseparateandformpelletsinthebottomofthevial,leavingaclearsolutionontop.Clodrosome®mightdothesameonlynotasseverely.Therefore,bothshouldbegentlyshakennottoformbubblesbuttoformahomogeneoussolutionpriortouse.

EducationalVideos

Ordering/ShippingInformation

• Allliposomebasedformulationsareshippedonblueiceat4°Cininsulatedpackagesusingovernightshippingorinternationalexpressshipping.
• LiposomesshouldNEVERbefrozen.Icecrystalsthatforminthelipidmembranecanrupturethemembrane,changethesizeoftheliposomesandcausetheencapsulateddrugtoleakout.Liposomesinliquidformshouldalwaysbekeptintherefrigerator.
• ClientswhoorderfromoutsideoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaareresponsIBLefortheirgovernmentimporttaxesandcustomspaperwork.EncapsulaNanoSciencesisNOTresponsibleforimportationfeestocountriesoutsideoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
• WestronglyencouragetheclientsinJapan,Korea,TaiwanandChinatoorderviaadistributor.Toughcustomsclearanceregulationsinthesecountrieswillcausedelayincustomclearanceoftheseperishableformulationsifordereddirectlythroughus.Distributorscaneasilyclearthepackagesfromcustoms.Toseethelistofthedistributorsclickhere.
• ClientsorderingfromuniversitiesandresearchinstitutesinAustraliashouldkeepinmindthattheliposomeformulationsaremadefromsyntheticmaterialandtheformulationsdonotrequirea“permittoimportquarantinematerial”.LiposomesareNOTbiologicalproducts.
• Ifyouwouldlikeyourinstitute’sFedExorDHLaccounttobechargedforshipping,thenpleaseprovidetheaccountnumberatthetimeofordering.
• EncapsulaNanoScienceshasnocontroloverdelaysduetoinclementweatherorcustomsclearancedelays.YouwillreceiveaFedExorDHLtrackingnumberonceyourorderisconfirmed.ContactFedExorDHLinadvanceandmakesurethatthepaperworkforcustomsisdoneontime. AllsubsequentshippinginquiriesshouldbedirectedtoFederalExpressorDHL.

StorageandShelfLife

Storage

Clodrosome®and Fluoroliposome® shouldalwaysbestoredatinthedarkat4°C,exceptwhenbroughttoroomtemperatureforbriefperiodspriortoanimaldosing.DONOTFREEZE.Ifthesuspensionisfrozen,clodronatecanbereleasedfromtheliposomesthuslimitingitseffectivenessindepletingmacrophages.ENSisnotresponsibleforresultsgeneratedbyfrozenproduct.

ShelfLife

Clodrosome®andFluoroliposome® aremadeondailybasis.Thebatchthatisshippedismanufacturedonthesameday.Itisadvisedtousetheproductswithin60daysofthemanufacturingdate.

Referencesandbackgroundreading

1.PolflietMM,GoedePH,vanKesteren-HendrikxEM,vanRooijenN,DijkstraCD,vandenBergTK.Amethodfortheselectivedepletionofperivascularandmeningealmacrophagesinthecentralnervoussystem.J.Neuroimmunol.2001Jun1;116(2):188–95.

2.MönkkönenJ,LiukkonenJ,TaskinenM,HeathTD,UrttiA.Studiesonliposomeformulationsforintra-articulardeliveryofclodronate.JournalofControlledRelease.1995Aug;35(2–3):145–54.

3.SunderkötterC,NikolicT,DillonMJ,vanRooijenN,StehlingM,DrevetsDA,LeenenP.SubpopulationsofMouseBloodMonocytesDifferinMaturationStageandInflammatoryResponse.JImmunol.2004Apr1;172(7):4410–7.

4.HinsonSR,CliftIC,LuoN,KryzerTJ,LennonVA.Autoantibody-inducedinternalizationofCNSAQP4waterchannelandEAAT2glutamatetransporterrequiresastrocyticFcreceptor.ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences.2017May23;114(21):5491-6.

5.DhupkarP,GordonN,StewartJ,KleinermanES.Anti‐PD‐1therapyredirectsmacrophagesfromanM2toanM1phenotypeinducingregressionofOSlungmetastases.CancerMedicine.2018May7.

6.XiongY,PageJC,NarayananN,WangC,JiaZ,YueF,ShiX,JinW,HuK,DengM,ShiR.Peripheralneuropathyandhindlimbparalysisinamousemodelofadipocyte-specificknockoutofLkb1.EBioMedicine.2017Oct1;24:127-36.

7.CriderA,FengT,PandyaCD,DavisT,NairA,AhmedAO,BabanB,TureckiG,PillaiA.Complementcomponent3areceptordeficiencyattenuateschronicstress-inducedmonocyteinfiltrationanddepressive-likebehavior.Brain,behavior,andimmunity.2018Mar5.

8.KocherT,AsslaberD,ZaborskyN,FlenadyS,DenkU,ReinthalerP,AblingerM,GeisbergerR,BauerJW,SeiffertM,HartmannTN.CD4+Tcells,butnotnon-classicalmonocytes,aredispensableforthedevelopmentofchroniclymphocyticleukemiaintheTCL1-tgmurinemodel.Leukemia.2016Jun;30(6):1409.

9.ZhuZ,DingJ,MaZ,IwashinaT,TredgetEE.Systemicdepletionofmacrophagesinthesubacutephaseofwoundhealingreduceshypertrophicscarformation.WoundRepairandRegeneration.2016Jul1;24(4):644-56.

10.HaqueMR,LeeDY,AhnCH,JeongJH,ByunY.Localco-deliveryofpancreaticisletsandliposomalclodronateusinginjectablehydrogeltopreventacuteimmunereactionsinatype1diabetes.Pharmaceuticalresearch.2014Sep1;31(9):2453-62.

11.MayoL,CunhaAP,MadiA,BeynonV,YangZ,AlvarezJI,PratA,SobelRA,KobzikL,LassmannH,QuintanaFJ.IL-10-dependentTr1cellsattenuateastrocyteactivationandamelioratechroniccentralnervoussysteminflammation.Brain.2016May31;139(7):1939-57.

12.KermanizadehA,ChauchéC,BalharryD,BrownDM,KanaseN,BoczkowskiJ,LanoneS,StoneV.TheroleofKupffercellsinthehepaticresponsetosilvernanoparticles.Nanotoxicology.2014Aug31;8(sup1):149-54.

13.NandiB,ShapiroM,SamurMK,PaiC,FrankNY,YoonC,PrabhalaRH,MunshiNC,GoldJS.StromalCCR6drivestumorgrowthinamurinetransplantablecoloncancerthroughrecruitmentoftumor-promotingmacrophages.Oncoimmunology.2016Aug2;5(8):e1189052.